{"generated":"2026-09-26","season":"2026","fbs_programs":138,"overall":{"Grass":39,"Hybrid":1,"Artificial turf":98},"overall_pct":{"Grass":28.3,"Hybrid":0.7,"Artificial turf":71.0},"by_conference":{"ACC":{"total":17,"Grass":11,"Hybrid":0,"Artificial turf":6,"natural_share_pct":64.7},"American":{"total":14,"Grass":3,"Hybrid":1,"Artificial turf":10,"natural_share_pct":28.6},"Big 12":{"total":16,"Grass":5,"Hybrid":0,"Artificial turf":11,"natural_share_pct":31.2},"Big Ten":{"total":18,"Grass":5,"Hybrid":0,"Artificial turf":13,"natural_share_pct":27.8},"CUSA":{"total":10,"Grass":1,"Hybrid":0,"Artificial turf":9,"natural_share_pct":10.0},"Independent":{"total":2,"Grass":1,"Hybrid":0,"Artificial turf":1,"natural_share_pct":50.0},"MAC":{"total":13,"Grass":0,"Hybrid":0,"Artificial turf":13,"natural_share_pct":0.0},"Mountain West":{"total":10,"Grass":0,"Hybrid":0,"Artificial turf":10,"natural_share_pct":0.0},"Pac-12":{"total":8,"Grass":1,"Hybrid":0,"Artificial turf":7,"natural_share_pct":12.5},"SEC":{"total":16,"Grass":12,"Hybrid":0,"Artificial turf":4,"natural_share_pct":75.0},"Sun Belt":{"total":14,"Grass":0,"Hybrid":0,"Artificial turf":14,"natural_share_pct":0.0}},"grass_type_of_natural_fields":{"warm-season":32,"warm-season (overseeded with cool-season ryegrass)":3,"cool-season":5},"switches_since_2010":[{"school":"North Carolina","stadium":"Kenan Stadium","conference":"ACC","year":2025,"from":"Artificial turf","to":"Grass","direction":"turf_to_grass","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan_Stadium","https://goheels.com/news/2025/1/27/football-kenan-stadium-returning-to-its-roots-in-2025","https://dailytarheel.com/article/sports-football-kenan-stadium-returns-to-natural-grass-20250317","https://sportsfieldmanagementonline.com/2025/04/01/qa-with-dr-grady-miller-back-to-natural-grass/17914/"]},{"school":"SMU","stadium":"Gerald J. Ford Stadium","conference":"ACC","year":2025,"from":"Artificial turf","to":"Grass","direction":"turf_to_grass","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_J._Ford_Stadium","https://smumustangs.com/news/2025/4/2/football-scharbauers-give-2-5m-for-grass-field-at-ford-stadium.aspx","https://blog.smu.edu/facilities/2025/03/28/ford-stadium-turf-conversion-3-26-25/","https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2025/04/14/smu-replacing-turf-at-ford-stadium-with-natural-grass-after-25-million-donation/","https://sodsolutionspro.com/latitude-36-bermudagrass-on-display-at-sfma-2026-in-texas/"]},{"school":"Colorado","stadium":"Folsom Field","conference":"Big 12","year":2025,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folsom_Field","https://www.colorado.edu/today/2025/07/30/folsom-field-feature-new-turf-football-season","https://cuindependent.org/2025/07/03/cu-finishes-installing-new-artificial-turf-at-folsom-field/","https://astroturf.com/university-of-colorado-receives-new-astroturf-system-at-folsom-field/"]},{"school":"Georgia Tech","stadium":"Bobby Dodd Stadium at Hyundai Field","conference":"ACC","year":2020,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Dodd_Stadium","https://fieldturf.com/en/articles/detail/georgia-tech/"]},{"school":"North Carolina","stadium":"Kenan Stadium","conference":"ACC","year":2019,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan_Stadium","https://goheels.com/news/2025/1/27/football-kenan-stadium-returning-to-its-roots-in-2025","https://dailytarheel.com/article/sports-football-kenan-stadium-returns-to-natural-grass-20250317","https://sportsfieldmanagementonline.com/2025/04/01/qa-with-dr-grady-miller-back-to-natural-grass/17914/"]},{"school":"Arkansas","stadium":"Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium, Frank Broyles Field","conference":"SEC","year":2019,"from":"Artificial turf","to":"Grass","direction":"turf_to_grass","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razorback_Stadium","https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/naturalgrass/","https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/pdf/mediaguide/football/2025/Razorback_Football.pdf","https://news.uark.edu/articles/79853/smart-golf-balls-and-fields-fit-for-the-hogs-2025-turf-field-day-presents-research-tech"]},{"school":"Mississippi","stadium":"Vaught–Hemingway Stadium at Hollingsworth Field","conference":"SEC","year":2016,"from":"Artificial turf","to":"Grass","direction":"turf_to_grass","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaught%E2%80%93Hemingway_Stadium","https://olemisssports.com/facilities/vaught-hemingway-stadiumhollingsworth-field/3","https://oxfordeagle.com/2023/12/15/ole_miss_football_field/","https://athleticturf.net/ole-miss-revamps-football-stadium-with-northbridge-bermudagrass/"]},{"school":"Georgia Southern","stadium":"Allen E. Paulson Stadium","conference":"Sun Belt","year":2016,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_E._Paulson_Stadium","https://gseagles.com/sports/2013/7/23/FB_0723131314","https://gseagles.com/news/2023/7/3/football-new-turf-surface-installation-completed-at-paulson-stadium"]},{"school":"Kentucky","stadium":"Kroger Field at C.M. Newton Grounds","conference":"SEC","year":2015,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroger_Field","https://www.on3.com/teams/kentucky-wildcats/news/look-the-new-kroger-field-turf-is-ready-for-some-football/"]},{"school":"Coastal Carolina","stadium":"Brooks Stadium","conference":"Sun Belt","year":2015,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Stadium","https://goccusports.com/news/2025/9/3/football-know-before-you-go-coastal-carolina-unveils-enhanced-game-day-experience-for-2025-home-opener","https://www.postandcourier.com/myrtle-beach/news/coastal-carolina-turf-field-auction-sell-gift/article_9aafcb16-ff60-11ef-bf18-23f7265eea8d.html"]},{"school":"Notre Dame","stadium":"Notre Dame Stadium","conference":"Independent","year":2014,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Stadium"]},{"school":"New Mexico State","stadium":"Aggie Memorial Stadium","conference":"CUSA","year":2014,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggie_Memorial_Stadium","https://nmstatesports.com/facilities/aggie-memorial-stadium/5","https://fieldturf.com/en/articles/detail/new-mexico-state-keeping-it-cool-with-new-fieldturf-system-at-aggie-memorial-stadium/"]},{"school":"Arizona","stadium":"Casino Del Sol Stadium","conference":"Big 12","year":2013,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Del_Sol_Stadium"]},{"school":"Maryland","stadium":"SECU Stadium","conference":"Big Ten","year":2012,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECU_Stadium"]},{"school":"New Mexico","stadium":"University Stadium","conference":"Mountain West","year":2012,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Stadium_(Albuquerque)"]},{"school":"Vanderbilt","stadium":"FirstBank Stadium","conference":"SEC","year":2012,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FirstBank_Stadium","https://shawsportsturf.com/en-us/resources/projects/vanderbilt-university-dudley-stadium"]},{"school":"Arkansas","stadium":"Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium, Frank Broyles Field","conference":"SEC","year":2010,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razorback_Stadium","https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/naturalgrass/","https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/pdf/mediaguide/football/2025/Razorback_Football.pdf","https://news.uark.edu/articles/79853/smart-golf-balls-and-fields-fit-for-the-hogs-2025-turf-field-day-presents-research-tech"]},{"school":"Sacramento State","stadium":"Hornet Stadium","conference":"MAC","year":2010,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornet_Stadium_(Sacramento)","https://hornetsports.com/facilities/hornet-stadium/1","https://www.sprinturf.com/sacramento-state-football-field/"]}],"switch_counts_since_2010":{"turf_to_grass":4,"grass_to_turf":14},"switches_2019_2026":[{"school":"North Carolina","stadium":"Kenan Stadium","conference":"ACC","year":2025,"from":"Artificial turf","to":"Grass","direction":"turf_to_grass","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan_Stadium","https://goheels.com/news/2025/1/27/football-kenan-stadium-returning-to-its-roots-in-2025","https://dailytarheel.com/article/sports-football-kenan-stadium-returns-to-natural-grass-20250317","https://sportsfieldmanagementonline.com/2025/04/01/qa-with-dr-grady-miller-back-to-natural-grass/17914/"]},{"school":"SMU","stadium":"Gerald J. Ford Stadium","conference":"ACC","year":2025,"from":"Artificial turf","to":"Grass","direction":"turf_to_grass","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_J._Ford_Stadium","https://smumustangs.com/news/2025/4/2/football-scharbauers-give-2-5m-for-grass-field-at-ford-stadium.aspx","https://blog.smu.edu/facilities/2025/03/28/ford-stadium-turf-conversion-3-26-25/","https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2025/04/14/smu-replacing-turf-at-ford-stadium-with-natural-grass-after-25-million-donation/","https://sodsolutionspro.com/latitude-36-bermudagrass-on-display-at-sfma-2026-in-texas/"]},{"school":"Colorado","stadium":"Folsom Field","conference":"Big 12","year":2025,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folsom_Field","https://www.colorado.edu/today/2025/07/30/folsom-field-feature-new-turf-football-season","https://cuindependent.org/2025/07/03/cu-finishes-installing-new-artificial-turf-at-folsom-field/","https://astroturf.com/university-of-colorado-receives-new-astroturf-system-at-folsom-field/"]},{"school":"Georgia Tech","stadium":"Bobby Dodd Stadium at Hyundai Field","conference":"ACC","year":2020,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Dodd_Stadium","https://fieldturf.com/en/articles/detail/georgia-tech/"]},{"school":"North Carolina","stadium":"Kenan Stadium","conference":"ACC","year":2019,"from":"Grass","to":"Artificial turf","direction":"grass_to_turf","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan_Stadium","https://goheels.com/news/2025/1/27/football-kenan-stadium-returning-to-its-roots-in-2025","https://dailytarheel.com/article/sports-football-kenan-stadium-returns-to-natural-grass-20250317","https://sportsfieldmanagementonline.com/2025/04/01/qa-with-dr-grady-miller-back-to-natural-grass/17914/"]},{"school":"Arkansas","stadium":"Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium, Frank Broyles Field","conference":"SEC","year":2019,"from":"Artificial turf","to":"Grass","direction":"turf_to_grass","sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razorback_Stadium","https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/naturalgrass/","https://arkansasrazorbacks.com/pdf/mediaguide/football/2025/Razorback_Football.pdf","https://news.uark.edu/articles/79853/smart-golf-balls-and-fields-fit-for-the-hogs-2025-turf-field-day-presents-research-tech"]}],"pending_or_cancelled":[{"school":"Texas","status":"Announced (Feb 2026) that DKR 'will eventually switch' from turf to natural grass; no date set.","source":"https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Articles/2026/02/05/texas-to-bring-back-spring-football-game-after-hiatus-plans-switch-to-grass-field/"},{"school":"Nebraska","status":"Turf-to-grass conversion announced for 2026 (July 2024) was cancelled in April 2026; Hellas turf installed 2025 instead.","source":"https://spotonnebraska.com/ne-metro/1902351/memorial-stadium-will-no-longer-be-transitioning.html"}],"new_surfaces_installed_2025_2026":[{"school":"Boise State","stadium":"Albertsons Stadium","year":2026,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"FieldTurf Vertex CORE (blue)"},{"school":"Colorado State","stadium":"Sonny Lubick Field at Canvas Stadium","year":2026,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"FieldTurf Vertex CORE"},{"school":"Michigan","stadium":"Michigan Stadium","year":2026,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"FieldTurf Trico"},{"school":"Northwestern","stadium":"Ryan Field","year":2026,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"FieldTurf Trico One"},{"school":"Ohio State","stadium":"Ohio Stadium","year":2026,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"Shaw Sports Forge Series (GAME ON)"},{"school":"Pittsburgh","stadium":"Acrisure Stadium","year":2026,"surface":"Grass","product":"Tahoma 31 bermudagrass (sod grown on plastic; Tuckahoe Turf Farms)"},{"school":"Tennessee","stadium":"Neyland Stadium","year":2026,"surface":"Grass","product":"Bermudagrass (full re-sod, ~90,000 sq ft)"},{"school":"Washington","stadium":"Husky Stadium","year":2026,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"AstroTurf RootZone 3DM"},{"school":"Washington State","stadium":"Martin Stadium","year":2026,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"AstroTurf RootZone (with Schmitz shock pad)"},{"school":"Coastal Carolina","stadium":"Brooks Stadium","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"Teal synthetic turf with black end zones (product not named by CCU)"},{"school":"Colorado","stadium":"Folsom Field","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"AstroTurf RootZone 3D3 with Brock shock pad and BrockFILL organic infill"},{"school":"Georgia Tech","stadium":"Bobby Dodd Stadium at Hyundai Field","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"FieldTurf Vertex CORE"},{"school":"Indiana","stadium":"Merchants Bank Field at Memorial Stadium","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"Hellas Matrix Helix (with shock pad)"},{"school":"Kansas","stadium":"David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"Shaw Sports Turf GAME ON"},{"school":"Louisiana Tech","stadium":"Joe Aillet Stadium","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"Hellas Pivot 1.5"},{"school":"Middle Tennessee","stadium":"Johnny \"Red\" Floyd Stadium","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"Shaw Sports GameOn Legion 2.0 (NXTPlay pad; organic infill of silica sand, Saf Shell, Geo Fill)"},{"school":"Missouri State","stadium":"Robert W. Plaster Stadium","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"TenCate Pivot Performance Turf 1.5"},{"school":"Nebraska","stadium":"Memorial Stadium, Tom Osborne Field","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"Hellas Matrix Helix (Cushdrain shock pad, Realfill infill)"},{"school":"North Carolina","stadium":"Kenan Stadium","year":2025,"surface":"Grass","product":"GameOnGrass Tahoma 31 bermudagrass (synthetic-turf perimeter)"},{"school":"SMU","stadium":"Gerald J. Ford Stadium","year":2025,"surface":"Grass","product":"Latitude 36 bermudagrass"},{"school":"Toledo","stadium":"Glass Bowl","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"FieldTurf CORE 2.5"},{"school":"UTSA","stadium":"Alamodome","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"Hellas SofTop Matrix Helix"},{"school":"West Virginia","stadium":"Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium","year":2025,"surface":"Artificial turf","product":"FieldTurf"}],"verification":{"Pre-2025 source":19,"Wikipedia only":78,"2025–26 source":32,"Official facility page":9},"definitions":{"surface_confidence":"Refers to the surface class. high = class confirmed by a 2025-26 source or the school's live facility page; medium = class supported only by pre-2025 sources or Wikipedia; low = sources conflict on class.","surface_flag":"Unresolved conflict or unconfirmed detail (class, product or install year). Missing-but-uncontested details are noted in surface_note instead.","surface_installed":"Year the current surface was installed. For natural grass: latest documented full re-sod/rebuild where known, otherwise the year the field opened on or returned to grass (see surface_history)."},"confidence":{"medium":98,"high":39,"low":1},"uncertain_rows":[{"school":"Boston College","stadium":"Alumni Stadium","surface":"Artificial turf","confidence":"medium","flag":"BC announced a RootZone 3D3 resurfacing starting June 2017, but no completion notice was found and BC's facility page still describes the 2012 surface."},{"school":"Miami (FL)","stadium":"Hard Rock Stadium","surface":"Grass","confidence":"medium","flag":"Grass variety conflict between sources."},{"school":"Charlotte","stadium":"McColl–Richardson Field at Jerry Richardson Stadium","surface":"Artificial turf","confidence":"high","flag":"The 2026 season guide lists the surface as 'Turf (July 2026)' without a product; whether that means a new carpet in July 2026 is not stated."},{"school":"Temple","stadium":"Lincoln Financial Field","surface":"Hybrid","confidence":"medium","flag":"The post-World Cup (July 2026) football surface is not documented by an official source; the Eagles' 2025 fact sheet says only 'Bermuda Grass'. If it is pure sod, Hybrid → 0 and Grass → 40."},{"school":"Colorado","stadium":"Folsom Field","surface":"Artificial turf","confidence":"high","flag":"Product name differs: CU says RootZone 3D3; AstroTurf press release says Diamond Series. Stadium-article infobox wrongly says FieldTurf."},{"school":"Kennesaw State","stadium":"Fifth Third Stadium","surface":"Grass","confidence":"low","flag":"Class unresolved: KSU's facility page says Bermuda grass; the 2018 install and the Wikipedia list say PlayMaster hybrid (a carpet-backed system whose grass is also bermuda). No source says the reinforcement was removed."},{"school":"UNLV","stadium":"Allegiant Stadium","surface":"Artificial turf","confidence":"high","flag":"Turf product for UNLV games not confirmed: the Wikipedia list says FieldTurf; Hellas is the stadium's official artificial-turf provider (2021 release) but no source names the UNLV game surface."},{"school":"Mississippi State","stadium":"Davis Wade Stadium at Scott Field","surface":"Grass","confidence":"medium","flag":"MSU's turf superintendent described the 2019 move to Latitude 36 (2020); a 2023 sod-installer page mentions NorthBridge on an MSU 'football and intramural field', possibly practice fields. Current stadium variety not confirmed."},{"school":"Missouri","stadium":"Faurot Field at Memorial Stadium","surface":"Artificial turf","confidence":"medium","flag":"Wikipedia list says FieldTurf; a later turf replacement is documented by the contractor but undated."}],"coord_methods":{"OSM pitch polygon centroid":131,"OSM stadium polygon centroid (no pitch mapped)":5,"OSM pitch bbox center (manual lookup; Wikidata coordinate was ~4 km off)":1,"OSM stadium building bbox center (new stadium; field not yet mapped as pitch)":1},"notes":["Counts reflect each program's primary home stadium for the 2026 season (138 FBS programs per the Wikipedia list, incl. 2026 arrivals Sacramento State and North Dakota State).","Hybrid = natural grass reinforced with synthetic fibers (e.g., GrassMaster, SIS, HERO Hybrid, PlayMaster). 'Hybrid bermudagrass' cultivars (Tifway 419, Tahoma 31, Latitude 36) are counted as Grass.","Switches list covers turf<->grass changes since 2010 documented in sources used here; grass-variety changes and turf-for-turf replacements are not switches."],"research":[{"topic":"injury","setting":"NFL","citation":"Mack CD et al. (2019). Am J Sports Med 47(1):189-196.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518808499","finding":"NFL games 2012-2016: lower-extremity injuries 16% higher per play on synthetic turf (IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.10-1.23); larger for non-contact injuries.","type":"peer-reviewed cohort"},{"topic":"injury","setting":"NFL","citation":"Hershman EB et al. (2012). Am J Sports Med 40(10):2200-2205.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512458888","finding":"NFL 2000-2009: knee and ankle sprains 22% higher on FieldTurf; ACL sprains 67% higher; MCL and inversion ankle sprains not significantly different.","type":"peer-reviewed cohort (NFL-commissioned)"},{"topic":"injury","setting":"NCAA","citation":"Dragoo JL et al. (2012). Am J Sports Med 40(5):990-995.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512442336","finding":"NCAA 2004-2009: ACL injury rate 1.39x higher on artificial surfaces; authors say it needs confirmation.","type":"peer-reviewed cohort"},{"topic":"injury","setting":"NCAA","citation":"Loughran GJ et al. (2019). Am J Sports Med 47(6):1294-1301.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519833925","finding":"NCAA 2004-2014: PCL injuries 2.94x more frequent in games on artificial turf; ACL higher on turf in lower divisions; no difference for MCL or meniscus.","type":"peer-reviewed cohort"},{"topic":"injury","setting":"NCAA","citation":"Meyers MC (2010). Am J Sports Med 38(4):687-697.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509352464","finding":"24 universities over 3 seasons: lower total injury incidence on FieldTurf than grass. Industry-supported research line.","type":"peer-reviewed cohort (industry-supported)"},{"topic":"injury","setting":"review","citation":"Gould HP et al. (2023). Am J Sports Med 51(6):1615-1621.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465211069562","finding":"53-study review: overall injury rates mostly similar on new-generation turf; foot/ankle injuries higher on turf; elite football players had more knee injuries on turf.","type":"systematic review"},{"topic":"injury","setting":"review","citation":"Williams S, Hume PA, Kara S (2011). Sports Med 41(11):903-923.","url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/11593190-000000000-00000","finding":"Overall injury rates largely comparable on 3G/4G turf, with a likely higher risk of ankle injuries.","type":"systematic review"},{"topic":"injury","setting":"NFL","citation":"NFL Player Health & Safety, 2025 Season Key Takeaways (Feb 2, 2026).","url":"https://www.nfl.com/playerhealthandsafety/health-and-wellness/injury-data/2025-season-key-takeaways","finding":"For the third straight season, no statistically significant difference in time-loss non-direct-contact lower-extremity injuries on turf vs grass.","type":"official league data"},{"topic":"injury","setting":"NFL","citation":"NFLPA, J.C. Tretter (2020). Only Natural Grass Can Level the NFL's Playing Field.","url":"https://nflpa.com/posts/only-natural-grass-can-level-the-nfls-playing-field","finding":"Cites NFL 2012-2018 data: non-contact lower-extremity injuries 28% higher on turf; non-contact foot/ankle 69% higher.","type":"union advocacy (not peer-reviewed)"},{"topic":"heat","setting":"field measurement","citation":"Jim CY (2017). Landscape and Urban Planning 157:561-576.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.012","finding":"Hong Kong, sunny day: artificial turf surface peaked at 72.4 C vs 36.6 C for natural grass.","type":"peer-reviewed field study"},{"topic":"heat","setting":"field measurement","citation":"McNitt AS, Petrunak DM, Serensits TJ (2008). Acta Horticulturae 783:573-582.","url":"https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.783.59","finding":"Synthetic turf far hotter than natural turf in sun; irrigation cooling was only temporary.","type":"peer-reviewed field study"},{"topic":"heat","setting":"review","citation":"Singh G, Peterson B, Jay O, Stevens CJ (2024). Int J Biometeorol 68(7):1235-1252.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-024-02679-5","finding":"23-study review: surface 9.4-33.7 C hotter and air 0.5-1.2 C hotter on synthetic turf; unclear whether athlete heat-stress risk rises.","type":"systematic review"}]}